4^th World Congress on Epilepsy and Treatment November 16-17, 2018 | Radisson Narita | Tokyo, Japan

Epileptic seizures are categorized by a variety of symptoms. Their typical semiology served for a long time as the major tool to classify epilepsy syndromes. The signs and symptoms of epileptic seizures include the following spheres: sensorial sphere, consciousness, motor and autonomic spheres. Most seizures involve more than one sphere, however, some like for instance aura (sensorial sphere) or dialeptic seizures (consciousness) involve only one sphere. The predominant clinical features of a seizure determine the seizure classification. The following review gives an introduction into the semiological seizure classification. This approach enables us to better identify the epileptogenic zone of our patients and to choose the most effective medical or surgical treatment.

Pathophysiology is a union of pathology and physiology that explains the practical variations in a diseased state. This session will review the pathways for seizure occurrence, ion channel defects, the essential currency of Neuronal excitability, clinical signs, signalling, and Inflammatory and mTOR pathways.

Seizures basically a Neurological disorder which may results into changes of the electrical activity inside the brain. This change may cause dramatic, visible symptoms or may not cause any symptoms. The symptoms of a severe seizure include violent shaking and a loss of control. Moreover, a mild seizure may cause for a sign of different significant medical problem, so identifying the cause is very important. Because some kind of seizures may lead to injury or be indication of an underlying medical situation.

Epilepsy affects in all ages. But for children, a different type of issues that can affect one's childhood. Some kind of epilepsy ends after childhood. Some kinds of epilepsy are related to the conditions of childhood that terminate once a child grows up. About 70% of children who are having epilepsy in their childhood may results into termination of child’s growth. There are also different seizures, such as febrile seizures, that occur one-time during childhood, and they may not result in stable epilepsy.

Epilepsy has no detectable cause in most of the cases with the situation. But the situations   can be identified by various factors, such as:

·       Genetic influence:  In those kind of epilepsy, which are classified by the type of seizure you have or the portion of the brain that is affected, run in families. In these cases, there should be a genetic influence.

·       Head trauma:  Head trauma resulted by any kind of accident or any other traumatic injury can cause seizures or epilepsy.

·       Brain conditions:  Brain conditions causes brain damage, which may be include with brain tumors or strokes, may cause epilepsy. Stroke is a primary cause of epilepsy in adults.

·       Infectious diseases:  Infectious diseases, which may be includes with meningitis, AIDS and viral encephalitis, may cause epileptic seizures.

·       Prenatal injury:  Babies are sensitive to brain damage before the child birth which may be caused by different factors like an infection in mother, poor nutrition supply or oxygen deficiencies. This brain damage may causes epilepsy or cerebral palsy.

Epilepsy is the most common severe nerve disorder in the elderly after stroke and dementia. Older patients most often have focal seizures. Diagnosis can be challenging because of several patient-related, physician-related and investigation-related factors. Treatment is complicated by the presence of physiological changes related to aging, co-morbidities and cognitive problems as well as concerns regarding drug interactions and medication adherence. Seizures can be controlled in most patients with low doses of a single anti-epileptic drug (AED). Elderly patients are more likely to respond to AEDs and at lower doses than required in younger patients.

The nervous system is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates body activities. It is made up of two major divisions, Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system,Disorders of nervous system may involve Vascular disorders, such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage and hematoma, and extradural hemorrhage, Infections, such as meningitis, encephalitis, polio, and epidural abscess, Structural disorders, such as brain or spinal cord injury, Bell's palsy, cervical spondylitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, brain or spinal cord tumors, peripheral neuropathy, and Guillain-Barré syndrome, Functional disorders, such as headache, epilepsy, dizziness, and neuralgia, Degeneration, such as Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington chorea, and Alzheimer disease.

Dementia is a group of symptoms caused by brain disorders affecting the ability of brain cells to communicate with each other and loose the memory, thinking and social abilities severely enough to interfere with daily functioning. They may lose their ability to solve problems or control their feelings. Their personalities may change. They may become disturbed or see things that are not there. Many different diseases can cause dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and stroke. Risk factors for dementia include hardening of the arteries, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and smoking. There is no one test to determine if someone has dementia, it cab ne diagnosed by patient medical history, changes in regular activities, behaviour and their functioning. Drugs does not show any action to cure the dementia, it can be cured by environmental changes, a planned schedule, regular exercise, and staying engaged with others.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative and a type of movement disorder. Parkinson’s disease affects the nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine. Parkinson’s disease symptoms include muscle inflexibility, tremors, and changes in speech and gait. This disease affects about 50 percent more men than women. Risk factors for Parkinson’s include Age, Heredity, Sex, and Exposure to toxins. People with Parkinson's also lose the nerve endings that produce norepinephrine, the main chemical messenger of the sympathetic nervous system, which controls many automatic functions of the body, such as heart rate and blood pressure. After diagnosis, treatments can help relieve symptoms, but there is no cure.  Coffee and green tea may reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease Surgery and deep brain stimulation Therapy (DBST) can help severe cases. With DBS, electrodes are surgically implanted in the brain. They send electrical pulses to stimulate the parts of the brain that control movement.

Cognitive Disorders are very common in epilepsy patients. Most cognitive complaints in adult patients are mental slowness, memory difficulties and attention deficits. In children, cognitive problems are more diffuse, responsible for verbal troubles, learning difficulties, poor academic outcome, behavior problems and finally unfortunate socio-professional prognosis. Timely diagnosis and treatment can help to reduce their impact on the patient's quality of life. AEDs during pregnancy may cause cognitive disorders in the child exposed to them in utero. Cognitive disorders can also present as a complication of surgery for refractory epilepsy. Special care must be taken to detect cognitive side effects associated with AEDs, which seem to be more common with classic than with new AEDs, and in those patients receiving polytherapy. Neuropsychological assessment should be routinely performed before epilepsy surgery to predict possible postsurgical cognitive deficits.

Epilepsy causes may be results into epileptic syndromes by the specific features .These features include the period of time for having seizure in any person, the types of seizure, EEG findings, etc. Epileptic syndrome identification is useful as it helps to determine the basic causes as well as what anti-seizure medication should be given. Syndromes in which causes are not clearly recognized are very difficult to match with the modern classification of epilepsy. Classification for these cases was made arbitrarily. The idiopathic (unknown cause) categorization includes the syndromes in which the general medical features or age specificity strongly point to a supposed genetic cause. Childhood epilepsy syndromes are includes (unknown cause) class in which the cause is recognized genetic, for example benign rolandic epilepsy. Clinical syndromes in which epilepsy is not the leading feature (e.g. Angelman syndrome) were classified symptomatic but it was claimed to include these within the idiopathic classification. Classification of epileptic syndromes will  may change with advances in research.

Epilepsy can be diagnosed by the following tests:

• Neurological examination
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Computerized tomography (CT) scan
• Positron emission tomography (PET)
• Functional M

The first aid of response when any person is having seizure is to deliver general carefulness and comfort and keep the person safe. There are a large number of seizures. Most of the seizures end within few minutes. These are some common steps to help someone who is having any kind of seizure:

• Fast Aid should be continued with the person until the seizure ends and the patient is  fully awake. After it ends, help the person to sit in a safe place.
• Relief the person and speak softly.
• Check to see if the person is wearing or a medical armlet or  other emergency information
• Keep yourself and other people quiet.
• Agreement to call a taxi or another person to make sure the person gets home safely.

The best prevention managements of nerve disorders include Excersing regularly, Quitting tobacco and alcohol consumption, Control in Diabetes and High blood pressure, Eat balanced diet rich in vitaminsB6, B12 and lots of fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains to protect nervous system. Drink plenty of water and other fluids. This helps prevent dehydration, which can cause confusion and memory problems. Drink extra water before, during, and after exercise. Take a container of water or sports drink with you when you exercise, and try to drink at least every 15 to 20 minutes. Limit your intake of caffeinated drinks, such as coffee and colas, which increase dehydration and can affect sleep.

Medical marijuana is the whole plant of marijuana used for medical purposes. Marijuana is known by many names; the most common is cannabis. “Twenty-one percent of subjects had used cannabis in the past year with the majority of active users reporting beneficial effects on seizures. Twenty-four percent of all subjects believed marijuana was an effective therapy for epilepsy.

Cannabinoids are substances in cannabis that act on cells in the body (called cannabinoid receptors) to cause some effect. Two major ingredients include:

• Tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, which causes the psychoactive effects of "getting high"
• Cannabidiol, or CBD, which does not cause psychoactive effects but has shown some positive effects on certain body systems and may potentially affect seizures.

Epilepsy is a branch of medicine which deals with certain disorders of the nervous system. There are about more than 600 epilepsy disorders. Major types of Epileptic diseases occur due to faulty genes or injuries to the spinal cord or brain. The physical symptoms of epileptic diseases include partial or complete paralysis, muscle weaknessetc. The medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves. A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the CNS, which includes the brain and spinal cord.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical therapy involving the implantation of a medical device called a neurostimulator i.e. called as 'brain pacemaker' which helps to send electrical impulses through inserted electrodes, to exact targets in the brain  nuclei for the treatment of movement and neuropsychiatricsyndromes. DBS therapy select brain areas to providing therapeutic supports for treatment-resistant syndromes like Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, dystonia, chronic pain, major depression and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)etc.

Therapeutic Strategies in Epilepsy is a current account of all available treatments and interferences in all phases of epilepsy. Chapters discuss seizure classification, epilepsies with differing ages of onset, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, management, drug treatments, and special considerations for those with concomitant complications. A guide for physicians for treating epileptic patients that can be used at the point of care, this important new work brings together an expert editorial team and leading experts to review the therapeutic agents currently available and assess their effectiveness. A valuable resource for experts and general physicians to keep in touch of the modern literature from a clinical viewpoint, thus relieving in the recognition of the disease and providing the most effective interference.

Epilepsy is a branch of medicine which deals with certain disorders of the nervous system. There are about more than 600 epilepsy disorders. Major types of Epileptic diseases occur due to faulty genes or injuries to the spinal cord or brain. The physical symptoms of epileptic diseases include partial or complete paralysis, muscle weaknessetc. The medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves. A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the CNS, which includes the brain and spinal cord.