6^th International Conference on Epilepsy & Treatment September 21-22, 2020 Rome, Italy

Epilepsy is a chronic noncommunicable and Neurological disorder of the brain that affects people of all ages. Epilepsy occurs when brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures. Seizures can affect any process your brain coordinates. Around 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, making it one of the most common neurological diseases globally.

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder with diverse clinical characteristics that preclude a singular mechanism a neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of seizures. A seizure occurs when part of the brain receives a burst of abnormal electrical signals that temporarily interrupts normal electrical brain function. It is one of the most common disorders of the nervous system and affects people of all ages, races, and ethnic background. The fact that multiple mechanisms exist is not surprising given the varied ways the normal nervous system controls this balance. In contrast, understanding seizures in brain of an individual with epilepsy is more difficult because seizures are typically superimposed on an altered nervous system.

Epileptogenesis is the chronic process by which a normal brain develops epilepsy. Epilepsy is a chronic condition in which seizures occur. These changes to the brain occasionally cause neurons to fire in a hyper-synchronous manner, known as a seizure. Epileptogenesis can be triggered by genetic or acquired factors, and that can continue long after epilepsy diagnosis.

Epilepsy can begin at any time of life, but it is most commonly diagnosed in children and people over the age of 65. More than half of children with epilepsy will outgrow their seizures as they mature, while others may have seizures that continue into adulthood. Although epilepsy varies from person to person, children with epilepsy generally have seizures that respond well to medication. Epilepsy affects around 1 in every 200 children and young people under 18 Children having idiopathic. About two-thirds of all children with epilepsy outgrow their seizures by the time they are teenagers. However, it is important for parents to help their child maintain a healthy lifestyle and ensure regular medical visits.

Women with epilepsy have a number of unique concerns during pregnancy. Pregnant women with epilepsy constitute 0.5% of all pregnancies. Some antiepileptic drugs considered safe to the foetus may be associated with increased risk of seizures and maternal mortality. Factors such as epilepsy, anticonvulsant-induced teratogenicity, patient's genetic predisposition and the severity of convulsive disorder may attribute to adverse pregnancy outcome for the children of women with epilepsy.

Medications can control seizures in most people with epilepsy, but they don’t work for everyone. About 30% of people taking the drugs can’t tolerate the side effects. A person's type of seizures and where they begin in the brain are key to deciding what kind of surgery may help. Surgery has three main goals, they are Remove the area of the brain that causes seizures, Disrupt the nerve pathways that seizure impulses take through your brain, Implant a device to treat epilepsy. An operation on the brain can control seizures and improve your quality of life.

Seizure medicines do not control seizures or can cause bothersome side effects in at least 3 out of 10 people with epilepsy. Seizure alert devices are useful in letting family members know if a seizure is occurring, especially parents of young children. The devices can notify nearby family or caregivers when a seizure occurs through alarms, phone calls or text alerts, depending on the device. They may also be able to give rescue medications or call for an ambulance if the seizure lasts too long or the person has repeated seizures.

Doctors have developed when an individual experience a seizure for the first time doctors advices him for EEG and observes for abnormality in the of  EEG these tests differentiate patient from epileptic to non- epileptic .Research suggests that patients are only suggested to medicated for epilepsy only after their  occurrence of second seizure. Many non-epileptic patients experience an unusual brain activity so; it is advised to record EEG while sleeping is preferable. Brain scans like CT- SCAN are used.

Epilepsy is a common condition of the brain in which a person has a tendency to have recurrent unprovoked seizures. About 1 out of 10 people may have a seizure during his or her lifetime. Safety precautions should be sensible and relevant to the person, with a balance between risk and restrictions. That means seizures are common, and one day you might need to help someone during or after a seizure. First aid for seizures is aimed at keeping the person safe until the seizure stops on its own.

Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) is a fatal complication of epilepsy. SUDEP accounts for 7–17% of deaths among people with epilepsy. This is the leading cause of death in people with uncontrolled seizures. Patients with uncontrolled seizures are at greatest risk for SUDEP, and experiencing tonic-clonic seizures, taking multiple antiepileptic drugs and having coexisting neurologic disease further increase the risk.

The interest in Cannabis-based products for the treatment of refractory epilepsy has skyrocketed in recent years. Treatment-resistant epilepsy (TRE) affects 30% of epilepsy patients and is associated with severe morbidity and increased mortality. Cannabis-based therapies have been used to treat epilepsy for millennia, but only in the last few years have we begun to collect data from adequately powered Placebo-controlled, Randomized trials (RCTs) with Cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabis derivative.

Emotional distress is common in people with epilepsy (PWE) for which efficacious interventions are required. Developing evidence-based treatments should be based on testable models of the psychological mechanisms maintaining Psychopathology. The Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model proposes that maladaptive Metacognitive beliefs and processes are central to the development and maintenance of emotional distress. Although preliminary support exists for the role of metacognitive beliefs in emotional distress in PWE, their role has yet to be tested when controlling for the contribution made by illness perceptions.

Cognitive disorders are common in patients with epilepsy. Their aetiology is multifactorial, being affected by the type and location of the epileptogenic lesion, Epileptic syndrome, type of seizures, and age of onset, frequency and severity. Timely diagnosis and treatment can help to reduce their impact on the patient's quality of life.

Preventing seizures and other problems must be part of seizure management. This means working together with your health care team to control seizures as best as possible. Maintaining Ketogenic diet, regular exercise can reduce the risk of Epilepsy, get plenty of sleep during nights and avoid using drugs and alcohol, taking seizure medicines regularly as problems taking medicines is one of the biggest risks for uncontrolled seizures. Epilepsy due to medication can be subsided by discontinuing the medicines, controlling stress, anxiety & other emotional issues can reduce the risk of Epilepsy. People can also adjust their lifestyle and environment to reduce the chance of seizures.

The Ketogenic Diet (KD) is a modality of treatment used since the 1920s as a treatment for intractable epilepsy. The Ketogenic diet is a special high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that helps to control seizures in some people with epilepsy. It is usually used in children with seizures that do not respond to medications. Evidence shows that KD and its variants are a good alternative for non-surgical pharmacoresistant patients with epilepsy of any age.

Epilepsy treatment has been applied to treat patients with intractable epilepsy for decades that are not controlled by neither antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) nor surgical candidates. If Antiepileptic drugs aren't controlling your seizures and brain surgery isn't suitable for you, there are other procedures that could help to control Epileptic Seizures.

Before modern seizure medicines were developed, people with epilepsy and their doctors looked for a remedy in various herbs and combinations of herbs. Good news is, there are some natural remedies for seizures. Before advanced seizure medications were even discovered, doctors used herbs to treat this condition. Herbs for seizures are still used today because of their impressive effectiveness.

Epilepsy can be treated in a number of ways. One of the most preferred forms of treatment is Homeopathy. Homeopathy addresses both the physical symptoms of the disease and the underlying factors triggering it. Another big advantage of homeopathic treatment is that it has negligible side effects.

The role of Immunity and Inflammation appears to be an integral part of the pathogenic processes associated with some seizures, particularly with refractory epilepsy. Prompt treatment with Immunotherapy may lead to better outcomes. Immune treatment options for treatment of epilepsy include therapies such as corticosteroids, Immunoglobulin’s, Plasmapheresis, or steroid-sparing drugs such as azathioprine.

Zonisamide Ethosuximide is now available as rectal gel so that can be applied by family members for prolonged seizures. Drug combination sometimes lead to adverse effects like fatigue and loss of appetite so, combinations are often replaced by Monotherapy, unless monotherapy achieves desired results. When medication doesn’t achieve the required targets doctor can sometimes suggest for surgery 64% cases showed seizure free cases who undergone surgery.

The global market for Antiepileptic drugs is driven by advancement in drugs modification. Over the past several periods, the number of available Antiepileptic drugs has more than doubled. Many of the presently available Antiepileptic drugs have basics pharmacokinetics and more small effects on liver metabolism that converts into a lower rate of side effects, The antiepileptic drug market is threatened by generic competition, which has risen dramatically in the face of patent expirations among various major branded Antiepileptic drugs. These are the major restraints for the Global antiepileptic drugs market.

The epilepsies have many possible causes, but for up to half of people with epilepsy a cause is not known. In other cases, the epilepsies are clearly linked to genetic factors, developmental brain abnormalities, infection, traumatic brain injury, stroke, brain tumors, or other identifiable problems.

Epilepsy is not a mental illness. In fact, the vast majority of people living with epilepsy have no cognitive or psychological problem. For the most part, psychological issues in epilepsy are limited to people with severe and uncontrolled epilepsy.

According to WHO, It is estimated that every year nearly 2.4 million people are diagnosed with Epilepsy and there are 4 to 5 in a group of 1000 people with active Epilepsy. Nearly 80% of the individuals with Epilepsy is found in developing regions, Epilepsy represents 0.6%, of the worldwide weight of sickness.